What Is Dehydration in Children?

Dehydration occurs when a child loses more fluids than they take in, leading to an imbalance in the body’s water and electrolytes. It’s a common concern in infants and young children, especially during illnesses like diarrhea, vomiting, or fever.

If not managed early, dehydration can lead to serious complications such as electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, or even shock.

Why Are Children at Higher Risk?

Children and infants are more prone to dehydration because:

Their body water content is higher than adults
They have smaller fluid reserves
They lose fluids quickly during illness or heat
They may not recognize or communicate thirst

Common Causes of Dehydration in Children

Diarrhea – The most common cause, especially in viral gastroenteritis.
Vomiting – Leads to rapid fluid and electrolyte loss.
Fever – Increases sweating and fluid loss.
Heat exposure – Hot climates or playing in the sun without adequate fluids.
Poor fluid intake – Especially in infants or during illness.
Diabetes or other chronic conditions – Can increase urination and fluid loss.

Signs & Symptoms of Dehydration in Children

Early Symptoms (Mild to Moderate Dehydration):

Dry mouth and tongue
Thirst
Decreased urine output (fewer wet diapers)
Dark yellow urine
Fatigue or irritability
Dry or cool skin
Sunken eyes

Severe Dehydration Symptoms:

Lethargy or unconsciousness
Sunken fontanelle (soft spot) in infants
No tears while crying
Cold, mottled hands and feet
Rapid breathing or heartbeat
Very dry lips and mouth
Low blood pressure
Skin that doesn’t return quickly when pinched

Note: Seek immediate medical attention if any severe signs are present.

How to Diagnose Dehydration in Children

Doctors evaluate dehydration through:

Clinical examination
Checking weight loss
Urine output and color
Skin turgor (elasticity)
Blood tests (for electrolyte levels in severe cases)

Treatment of Dehydration in Children

1. Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)

The first line of treatment in mild to moderate dehydration.

Use ORS (Oral Rehydration Solution) available in sachets
Give small sips frequently (1-2 teaspoons every 1-2 minutes)
Continue feeding or breastfeeding during rehydration

2. Intravenous Fluids (IVF)

For children who:

Cannot keep fluids down
Are severely dehydrated
Show signs of shock or altered consciousness

These children should be treated in a hospital under medical supervision.

Home Care Tips for Mild Dehydration

Continue feeding: Breastmilk or formula for infants
Offer ORS or electrolyte-rich fluids
Avoid sugary drinks, sodas, and undiluted fruit juices
Provide easily digestible foods like rice water, mashed banana, or khichdi
Monitor urine output and general activity

How to Prevent Dehydration in Children

Treat Diarrhea and Vomiting Early
- Use ORS from the first sign of loose stools
Keep Hydrated During Fevers
- Give water, soup, or fluids frequently
Ensure Hydration in Hot Weather
- Encourage water breaks during playtime
- Dress the child in lightweight clothing
Breastfeed Regularly
- Especially in infants under 6 months
Educate Children
- Teach older kids to drink water regularly, even when not thirsty

When to See a Doctor

Call your pediatrician if your child:

Has not urinated in 6–8 hours
Is unusually sleepy or irritable
Cannot keep any fluids down
Has sunken eyes or no tears
Shows signs of severe dehydration

Final Thoughts by Dr. Parul Yadav

“Dehydration in children can escalate quickly, especially during fever, diarrhea, or vomiting. Early recognition and timely rehydration are the keys to preventing serious complications. Parents should keep ORS at home and never hesitate to seek medical help when in doubt.”

Written by Dr. Parul Yadav
Consultant Pediatrician & Infectious Disease Specialist

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